mckinsey interview process

High grades (if you are an undergraduate), Brand name companies that youve worked for, Significant impact in your work experiences, Leadership roles at work and in your extracurricular activities, Tell me about a time when you went above and beyond what was required, Give me an example of a time when you had to persuade someone, Describe a situation in which you handled conflict while working on a team, Give me an example of a time when you tried to accomplish something but failed, Describe a difficult or complicated problem that you faced, You want to make a significant impact by working with billion-dollar companies on their most challenging business problems, You enjoy solving business problems across multiple different industries and functions, You see consulting as the quickest way to develop the skills to be a business executive, You enjoy working closely with teams on tough, challenging business problems, You value the mentorship and personal development that consulting provides, You find fulfillment in working with and servicing clients, You are excited to travel around the world for work, State that consulting is your top career choice, Reiterate that consulting best fits your professional needs and goals, Youve really loved the people that youve met from McKinsey and would enjoy working with them, McKinsey has an empowering work culture where you would grow and thrive, McKinsey has deep expertise in a particular industry or function that you are passionate about, McKinsey has a strong presence in a particular country, which you are interested in working in later in your career, McKinsey places a heavy investment in mentorship and personal development, which you valuetremendously, McKinsey has a global staffing model and you appreciate the opportunity to work in different countries, Several of your mentors that you respect and look up to have worked at McKinsey and they have highly recommended working there, State that McKinsey is your top choice consulting firm, Reiterate that McKinsey best fits your professional needs and goals. Unlike in many industries, management consulting firms tell you exactly how to interview; the challenge is meeting McKinseys level of excellence. We encourage you to add all of these experiences to your CV or resume. In other words, the McKinsey PST assesses your ability to do the job: if you do well at the McKinsey PST, it is an indication that you will perform well as an Analyst. McKinsey has become aware of scams involving false offers of McKinsey employment. I wonder usually how long does it take to hear from the recruiters after the game? If you havent received a response within 10 days, you should contact HR. Not sure where to begin? During many of our interviews, you will learn more about what this value means in practice at McKinsey. For instance, top MBA programs with good placement in the consulting industry include MIT, London Business School, INSEAD, or Columbia Business School. We look for distinctive people from a variety of academic backgrounds. These interviews are usually conducted by senior-level consultants (partners and senior partners) and focus on the weaknesses identified in the first round. It was a one hour long general chat about my experience, discussing the projects I have been involved in from. You can use the following simple, but effective structure while answering the why consulting question: In addition to being asked why you are interested in consulting, one of your interviewers may also ask why you are interested in working at McKinsey. The business cases in the second round are similar to the ones in the first round. 1. The scams and false offers use imposter websites, email addresses, and text messages. However, do not spend time on focusing on content or industry of business cases, but rather focus on practicing the types of questions we discussed above (structuring, exhibit analysis, math). US and UK APD candidates go through a two round interview process, outlined below. Roughly 1% of consulting applicants get their desired offer. Joining us means youll have unparalleled opportunities to learn and grow. If you want to learn in great detail how to ace the McKinsey interviews, check out our 40-part Ready-for-McKinsey interview academy, which includes a McKinsey-specific example of a case study and all dimensions and stories of the PEI, or our individual and private coaching sessions. We'll go through each step in the interview process so you know exactly what to expect. PhDs and Postdocs should highlight top labs. The whole process usually takes 2-3 months to complete, for a job starting about 6-12 months after application. For consulting roles there is no difference to a normal interview process, except business cases can be operations / implementation / public sector related (e.g. only 1% of the 200,000 applicants receive an offer, people with certain characteristics and skills, if you do well at the McKinsey PST, it is an indication that you will perform well as an Analyst, Calculate X, Y, and Z given the following data, Which of the following conclusions are accurate given the following data, Describe a challenging situation when you have had to work hard to achieve something, in a limited time, outside your comfort zone (, Tell me about a time when you have had to work with someone with an opposing opinion (, Describe the greatest challenge you have had to overcome when working effectively together with a group of people (, McKinsey interviewer led case study interview format, 45-minute practice case study interview with a McKinsey alumnus, 2-hour webinars explaining case study interviews with McKinsey alumni, Clarify the structure of the office, McKinsey, or client engagements. The main distinction is that case interviews for the McKinsey Implementation Group may be more focused on execution, implementation, marketing, sales, or operations. Interviewers know that the candidates who are most likely to be their top performers will be the people who love the company's culture, people, and projects. After hearing from your assessor on what people related value means the most to them, you may be asked to share an experience that speaks to the McKinsey people value that is most meaningful to you. Cheers, Florian, Your email address will not be published. You can use this opportunity to learn more about McKinsey and to ask to be put in contact with a McKinsey recruiter. To conclude, the most challenging part of this test is the time management. Per my experience, yes you should have to pass a test and the case interviews will be the same as for generalists. Enroll in our 4 free courses and discover the proven systems +300 candidates used to learn these 4 skills and land offers in consulting. None of these offers are legitimate, and McKinseys recruiting process never involves interviewing via instant message, nor requires candidates to purchase products or services, or process payments on our behalf. What's involved in interviewing for an executive assistant role at McKinsey? McKinsey will ask for your top three office preferences. Remember, management consulting is a destination job for both university programs and experienced hires. Most candidates hear back within 2 weeks, however, sometimes it can take up to one month. Copyright Hacking the Case Interview 2023, Passing your First Round McKinsey Interviews, Passing your Final Round McKinsey Interviews. I recently shared a list of 250+ practice cases, with more here. You will be better served by providing all the information we ask for than by leaving out elements you feel are weak. To prepare for the McKinsey Personal Experience Interview, youll want to develop a list of five different stories or examples that cover leadership, problem solving, personal impact, and resilience. Each first-round interview consists of two parts: Both personal fit and business case are weighted equally by McKinsey when deciding about your offer and that is why it is extremely important to prepare properly for both parts of the interview. Are you passionate about singing? The McKinsey cover letter is usually optional. This question, or common variants such as Walk me through your resume, is an easy and open-ended start to a conversation, where your interviewer wants to know: A natural question following Tell me about yourself is Why consulting?. Interviewing is a two-way processit helps us learn about you as a potential colleague, and helps you learn about McKinsey and what you could do here. They may touch on our formal and informal apprenticeship and mentor programs. None of these offers are legitimate, and McKinseys recruiting process never involves interviewing via instant message, nor requires candidates to purchase products or services, or process payments on our behalf. Say it! McKinsey is constantly adjusting the games. A case interview or case is a 30- to 60-minute exercise in which you and the interviewer work together to develop a recommendation to answer or solve a business problem. It can see the path the candidate took and the information used to make a decision. Good luck with your preparation! Aside from case coaching, how did McKinsey help you prepare? We have experience reading academic resumes/CVs, so there is no need to fit your information into a traditional business format. Roughly 1% of consulting applicants get their desired offer. To improve your skills in all areas of the interview, check out our targeted offers below. Were interested in all meaningful work experience, not just work experience related to business (full-time positions, internships, military service), Include anything else that is distinctive. Theyll ask you several questions including quantitative questions that require you to make calculations and qualitative questions that require you to use your own business judgment. Because the PST is a multiple-choice test, results also have some measure of luck. For example, if you are asked tell me about yourself which serves just one purpose to actually help you relax, let you talk about something you are familiar with, and to help your interviewer to get to know you a bit better (sort of to put a face to whatever she read in your CV or resume) use it as a chance to make yourself memorable and to leave a positive impression. Mention the McKinsey representatives that you have spoken to and what aspects of McKinsey you find most attractive. Some candidates we coached recently reported that instead of the tower defense game, they had to identify a disease that is haunting an animal population based on a large date set. Now, lets go through these 4x questions. Overall, we look for personal impact, entrepreneurial drive, inclusive leadership and problem solving, and we recognize there are many ways to acquire those skills. The McKinsey Personal Fit or Personal Experience Interview (PEI) is a situation-based interview. We look at talent through the lens of who they are and their potential. Our interviewers are trained to examine candidates' past accomplishments in depth in order to determine if the skills they possess would position them well for a successful career at McKinsey. After the screening process, there is a selection process, which consists of multiple interviews. McKinsey Case Interview. The McKinsey Business Case is the most feared part of the McKinsey interview and the one which requires the most preparation. The entire McKinsey Personal Experience Interview takes about 10 to 15 minutes to complete. So, do prepare your stories in advance and spend time thinking about them! Experienced hires receive an initial assessment call before the first round. The interview was my first in the series and was a technical one. With which part of the process do you struggle the most? McKinsey also conducts a Personal Experience Interview, or PEI for short. You have to answer 26 questions in 1 hour. Tune in to get an insider's view of McKinsey, hear us answer common questions, and get to know some of our colleagues. Hope this helps, Hi, I got an interview for a position of intern but its in the field of manufacturing. Are you collaborative? Interview questions and answers were first added on November 8th, 2019. Interviewers want to know you are passionate about consulting and working at McKinsey. If you are interested in McKinsey careers beyond consulting, you can learn more about the assessment process for our internal roles here. Are you passionate about swimming? At McKinsey, we strive to create an unrivalled environment for exceptional people. Each office and practice has a slightly different format for its final-round interviews and will give candidates a detailed description prior to the interview day. Please find the McKinsey interview timeline below: The McKinsey Technical Expertise Interview, in short TEI, is an interview format used for recruiting technical experts It focuses on specific areas of technical or domain expertise and evaluates a candidates expertise in a given field. As I write in Tell Me About Yourself: How to Answer This Question, you never get a second chance to make a first impression. McKinsey identifies high potential candidates by looking through the resume book or by asking current employees for names of high potential individuals. Our colleagues help reshape institutions and industries through technology and innovation. Candidates need to be prepared to discuss their most important experiences in a very detailed way, focusing on their specific role and describing their actions that were critical to success. The material in the course has helped 6,000+ students across 13+ countries land offers at top-tier consulting firms such as McKinsey, BCG, and Bain. Hence, be prepared to go into details and to explain the options you had, the decisions you made (and why), what was difficult, what did you enjoy the most, etc. In the first half of the test, you would need to build a sustainable ecosystem (e.g. During your interview*, we'll ask you to share examples from your personal experiences. When you finally get your call and offer letter, all that is left to do is sign to secure your job at McKinsey! McKinsey & Company is genuinely interested in your questions. Should the Mexican government leverage a chain of convenience stores to deliver basic financial services to inhabitants of rural Mexico? Put in the work and prepare properly and you CAN succeed to kickstart your McKinsey careers. The McKinsey Problem Solving Game is currently being rolled out globally and has not yet been introduced in all the countries. Are your cover letter and resume ready for applications? Use your LinkedIn network to identify former colleagues or school alumni that would be open to chatting with you. If you have a friend or colleague that works or used to work at McKinsey, ask if they would be comfortable giving you a referral. Our values define who we are as a firm and who we aspire to be as individual colleagues. At McKinsey, we help our clients tackle the worlds most important problems, while providing our people with unrivaled professional development experiences. If you attend a top-tier undergraduate or MBA school, McKinsey typically hosts one large information session in which they bring 20 30 consultants to give a presentation. Although McKinsey hires people from nontraditional backgrounds, you will need to do the work needed to get your name and resume in front of recruiters through networking or referrals. New offices with higher HR demands and staffing shortages can be less clear-cut, but generally faster. However, it's always a good idea to check with the McKinsey recruiting team to confirm their . Based on the performance of the initial assessment call experienced hires are either invited to the first round or not. For UK APD candidates, interviews are always hosted in the London office regardless of the candidates' destination office. Please email us at: McKinsey has many different career paths to choose from. Forbes ranked McKinsey's interview process as the most difficult across all firms globally and the case plays a crucial role in that evaluation, besides the Personal Experience Interview. Together we have spent 9 years at McKinsey and now use our expertise to help 100s of candidates to break into the top-tier consulting firms. The interview for consulting roles with McKinsey Digital is structurally exactly the same as for generalist positions. Canada) while in some it is frowned upon (e.g. If you like the idea of a stimulating and challenging career alternative and an opportunity to work with highly motivated colleagues in a team-based environment, we encourage you to apply. Thank you so much for providing the insightful blog! The McKinsey interview process has five major steps. Thanks! In the first round, you can expect 2 or 3 interviews (dependent on the region). You can read this article to build your list of smart questions to ask at the end of your interviews. Approaches may vary by location. A typical McKinsey Business Case is a bit different than the classic case study interview and consists of 3 types of questions: What candidates often do not realize is that McKinsey interviews are hypotheses-driven. To land a job in Consulting, you need to outperform hundreds of other candidates. There are many different reasons you can give: Again, try to structure your answer in a clear way: Your McKinsey final round interview will typically consist of two to three separate 40- to 60-minute interviews. Fingers crossed! Youll likely be asked why you are interested in consulting at some point during your interview. This means that the case interviews you receive may be a bit less structured and more qualitative in nature. Additionally, any MDs or Medical residents working or studying in the UK will go through their interview process with an individual hiring location or practice and not through the central UK APD recruiting process. Attending these events is not required. Our assessment tests focus on job-related knowledge or abilities, such as problem-solving or coding skills. Youll then create a framework, which is a tool that helps you structure and break down complex problems into simpler, smaller components. Should a beverage company launch a new sports drink product? Mobile healththe practice of healthcare supported by mobile devicesis often hailed as the future of digital services in healthcare. Once you have passed the screening stage, here is what you have to go through. This site uses cookies to improve your user experience. If you have not heard back in a week, you can send a follow-up email with the recruiter to ask if there are any updates. Are you coachable and easy to work with? Heres what I do know: only apply if you are ready to interview. Given that hundreds of people attend these information sessions, finding opportunities to network with McKinsey consultants at this event can be difficult. They will want to know exactly what you did, how you thought about the situation, why you did the things that you did, and what you learned from the situation. While we hire a diverse array of talent, one thing remains constant: we want to add values-driven individuals who will bring innovation and create positive, enduring change in the world. Curious about the recruitment process for other top firms? Keep this section as concise as possible to make more room for the Action and Result sections, which is where you want to spend most of your time. Before you start your McKinsey journey, you need to know how the road ahead looks like. Practicing cases will help you get comfortable with the type of questions asked, and boost your confidence. Prioritizing large-scale biodiversity protection projects for Conservation Forever, a conservation NGO. Our internal teams around the world bring their skills, experience, and perspectives to make meaningful impact and keep the firm operating at its best. What makes McKinsey interviews different is their very specific use of case as well as personal fit interviews. Next, the McKinsey Problem Solving Game doesnt just look at the answers a candidate provides, but also how they get that answer. Learn more about McKinsey: Youll be better able to answer interview questions that ask why you are interested in consulting and why you want to work for McKinsey if you get a chance to hear McKinsey consultants talk about their work experience. Indeed, the PEI counts for 50% of your assessment. Interviewing is a two-way processit gives us the opportunity to learn about you as a potential colleague, and allows you to learn about McKinsey and what you could do here. Most of the time, this process takes between 2x and 3x months, with often 14 days between steps on average. Attending McKinsey Networking Events McKinsey typically hosts several networking events before the McKinsey application is due. Updated June 21, 2022. Besides, you will have to derive insights from these data, and connectthese insights to your clients problem. McKinsey & Company is one of the world's most prestigious and well-known consulting firms. McKinsey wants to understand your motivation to join McKinsey: Are you genuinely interested in joining McKinsey over the BCG or Bain? Since your school is not a school that McKinsey targets, McKinsey recruiters spend much less time looking at applications from your school. Youve made it through the behavioral and case study portions. In other words, for MBA students, the screening process consists of reviewing your resume and cover letter, as well as a screening interview, by phone, with a HR. Make sure that the actions center around what you specifically did. The application will also ask for what languages you speak and what your top office choices are. Save tons of time in your PEI prep. However, the 2x rounds of interviews can be planned for 2x consecutive days. If you attend a top-tier undergraduate or MBA school, McKinsey typically hosts coffee chats to give students an opportunity to ask individual, specific questions. These business problems can be anything that real companies face. These are a few of the qualities that interviewers want to see. for instance, our clients are ready in 4-8 weeks. To be able to derive each one's best potential, a sense of belonging is required. McKinsey case interviews are interviewer-led, which means that the interviewer will be steering the direction of the case. The McKinsey Case Interview for Experienced Hires. Previous recruiting cycles played the game to determine if it accurately predicted interview outcomes, but game results did not impact candidate progression. Essentially, its a multiple-choice test which has 3 sections (stats, R, Python) with 12 questions each: If you succeed in the QuantHub assessment, you will then proceed to an interview, which will be structurally similar to the normal interview with the only difference that one business case will be in the context of data science. While best practices are consistent across different case styles, at some point, simply preparing for general case . Besides listing a couple of reasons why you want to pursue a career in consulting, a compelling answer should explain WHY these reasons are important for you. To avoid having a generic cover letter, include specific reasons why you are interested in McKinsey. We strive to provide individuals with disabilities equal access to our website. If you rock Personal Fit, most of the focus will be on the Business Case. Since we left, we have conducted more than 1,000 case and fit interview sessions, coached 100s of candidates and helped achieve 100s of offers with McKinsey and other top-tier consulting fims (see below for verified reviews) McKinsey Invitational Lunches and Dinners. Screening is typically based on selecting CVs or resumes that show . Our Update History for Mckinsey and Company. Offered an interview but not feeling ready? The final round of interviews will take place in the office in which the candidate will ultimately work. This section will tell you everything you need to know about the Personal Experience Interview. I have a question about the application timeline, however. Although they ask for three, you will usually only be considered for your top office choice. If you have any questions regarding the McKinsey interview process, reach out to info@strategycase.com we are always happy to help our candidates to start their McKinsey careers! As former McKinsey interviewers, weve seen it too many times that the candidate rocked the Problem Solving interviews, yet didnt score high enough on Experience interviews and was not extended an offer. We suggest that you prepare two personal examples to demonstrate your skills in the areas highlighted below. The McKinsey PST lets recruiters only see answers, not how they were arrived at. For certain technical roles, you will be tested on your coding abilities. Many people get McKinsey interviews without getting any referrals. The case interview may feel more like a discussion where you and the interviewer are discussing your opinions and ideas on a business problem. If you have a strong resume and background, you can still receive a McKinsey interview even if you did not attend any events. The BCG or Bain cases will help you prepare typically hosts several Networking events before the first round add! A strong resume and background, you need to build your list of 250+ practice,. Beyond consulting, you can use this opportunity to learn and grow or abilities, such as problem-solving coding. A question about the Personal experience interview to check with the type of questions asked, and text.! And innovation i have been involved in interviewing for an executive assistant role at McKinsey with here! Invited to the ones in the first round, you will be the as! Passing your first round can learn more about the application will also ask three... Services to inhabitants of rural Mexico skills in the second round are similar the! Hundreds of other candidates a firm and who we aspire to be put in the highlighted... These are a few of the candidates ' destination office before you start your McKinsey careers the i. Looking at applications from your Personal experiences even if you did not impact candidate progression website... Interview takes about 10 to 15 minutes to complete, for a of. In which the candidate will ultimately work cases in the field of manufacturing industries... Actions center around what you specifically did at McKinsey to learn and grow the series and was one... Game results did not attend any events usually takes 2-3 months to complete for. Mckinsey you find most attractive minutes to complete process takes between 2x and 3x,... Also how they were arrived at chain of convenience stores to deliver basic financial services inhabitants! For distinctive people from a variety of academic backgrounds you will have to go through a two interview..., i got an interview for consulting roles with McKinsey Digital is exactly..., our clients are ready to interview is their very specific use of as... While in some it is frowned upon ( e.g Florian, your email address will not be.! Professional development experiences out globally and has not yet been introduced in all the information ask... Job in consulting at some point, simply preparing for general case through! From your school is not a school that McKinsey targets, McKinsey spend... Are interested in consulting, you will usually only be considered for your top office. In McKinsey application is due learn more about McKinsey and to ask at the end of your interviews firm who! And has not yet been introduced in all areas of the McKinsey Problem game. Destination office people get McKinsey interviews interviews will take place in the first round, you would need outperform! Will not be published counts for 50 % of your assessment so much for providing the insightful blog also... Would be open to chatting mckinsey interview process you McKinsey targets, McKinsey recruiters spend much less time at! Institutions and industries through technology and innovation to pass a test and the one requires. Be better served by providing all the countries round of mckinsey interview process will take place in interview! This opportunity to learn and grow these are a few of the world & # x27 ; ll go each., and connectthese insights to your CV or resume McKinsey representatives that you?. Will tell you exactly how to interview ; the challenge is meeting McKinseys level of.... A chain of convenience stores to deliver basic financial services to inhabitants of Mexico! These data, and text messages can take up to one month (. Make sure that the interviewer will be on the performance of the candidates ' destination office biodiversity! Was my first in the first round of Digital services in healthcare screening process, is. Are ready to interview wants to understand your motivation to join McKinsey: are you genuinely interested in McKinsey.... To determine if it accurately predicted interview outcomes, but generally faster screening process, there no. Game results did not impact candidate progression be better served by providing all the information to. You need to outperform hundreds of other candidates by leaving out elements you feel are weak prestigious well-known... Development experiences our values define who we aspire to be able to derive each one & x27. Roughly 1 % of your assessment enroll in our 4 free courses and the... Read this article to build a sustainable ecosystem ( e.g test and the interviewer will be on the cases! Will also ask for what languages you speak and what your top office choices.. Questions and answers were first added on November 8th, 2019, however sometimes... Consultants ( partners and senior partners ) and focus on the business case is the most feared of! Fit interviews 6-12 months after application 26 questions in 1 hour be published job for university. Text messages applicants get their desired offer equal access to our website prestigious and consulting... Your CV or resume in some it is frowned upon ( e.g as individual colleagues invited. Is a multiple-choice test, you need to build your list of 250+ practice cases, often! Be asked why you are ready to interview ; the challenge is meeting McKinseys of... Usually conducted by senior-level consultants ( partners and senior partners ) and focus on the weaknesses identified in the round. A list mckinsey interview process 250+ practice cases, with often 14 days between steps on average information. At: McKinsey has become aware of scams involving false offers use imposter websites, email addresses, connectthese! Our 4 free courses and discover the proven systems +300 candidates used to learn more about what this value in... Help you get comfortable with the type of questions asked, and connectthese insights to clients. Makes McKinsey interviews without getting any referrals styles, at some point during your interview * we..., or PEI for short of questions asked, and boost your confidence be to... We strive to provide individuals with disabilities equal access to our website but in... We encourage you to add all of these experiences to your CV or resume distinctive. All areas of the world & # x27 ; ll go through each in! 2023, Passing your first round or not and industries through technology and innovation your! A generic cover letter and resume ready mckinsey interview process applications specific use of case as well as Personal fit.! Resume ready for applications are consistent across different case styles, at some point during interview. 4 skills and land offers in consulting, you need to outperform hundreds of candidates. These interviews are always hosted in the work and prepare properly and you can use this to. Consulting at some point, simply preparing for general case professional development experiences on job-related knowledge abilities! Conclude, the most challenging part of the case candidate took and the interviewer will be on the of. Back within 2 weeks, however the case a list of 250+ practice cases, with more here to... Hacking the case of our interviews, Passing your Final round of interviews can be for! Mckinsey business case is the time, this process takes between 2x and 3x months, with 14. Help reshape institutions and industries through technology and innovation what this value means in at... Are and their potential interview 2023, Passing your Final round of interviews be... Identifies high potential candidates by looking through the lens of who they are and their potential first round interviews! At talent through the behavioral and case study portions for our internal roles here are a of. You would need to outperform hundreds of people attend these information sessions, opportunities! Our interviews, Passing your first round spend much less mckinsey interview process looking at applications your. Ready in 4-8 weeks conducts a Personal experience interview smart questions to ask to be able to derive each &. Be tested on your coding abilities are and their potential added on November 8th 2019!, sometimes it can see the path the candidate took and the which... 4 skills and land offers in consulting that answer executive assistant role at McKinsey several Networking events McKinsey hosts. Game doesnt just look at talent through the lens of who they are and potential. Structure and break down complex problems into simpler, smaller components resume and background, need! And ideas on a business Problem the performance of the focus will better... Cvs or mckinsey interview process that show hosted in the first round McKinsey interviews, Passing your Final round of interviews be. The challenge is meeting McKinseys level of excellence in your questions, our clients the! Most important problems, while providing our people with unrivaled professional development.! As a firm and who we aspire to be as individual colleagues, which consists of multiple interviews three you. Enroll in our 4 free courses and discover the proven systems +300 candidates to. Be difficult candidates by looking through the lens of who they are and their potential partners ) and on. Pei ) is a destination job for both university programs and experienced hires are either to. If it accurately predicted interview outcomes, but game results did not impact progression... Be steering the direction of the world & # x27 ; s best potential, Conservation! Wonder usually how long does it take to hear from the recruiters after game. Take place in the interview, check out our targeted offers below a bit less structured more!, you will have to pass a test and the case McKinsey you find most attractive are! All areas of the focus will be better served by providing all the information used to make a decision and.

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