james fenton titanic

James Fenton, in full James Martin Fenton, (born April 25, 1949, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, England), English poet and journalist who was remarked upon for his facility with a wide variety of verse styles and for the liberal political views threading his oeuvre. A few passengers, 2nd Class passenger Lillian Bentham and Emily Rugg reported that someone jumped it from an upper deck which might have been A Deck. Olympic's name is on the wreck We have been told by the look-out people that there were binoculars on the Olympic? 44. the newspaper Northern Star that was published on the 31 July 1996. ", The evolution of Titanic's port side portholes -from May 1911 when she was launched with 14, to April 1912 when she had 16. In fact the coal strike ended four days before Titanic sailed (April 6) so there would be an increase in opportunities for shorter crossings. certainly not be unusual to discover a bulkhead in the stern of the wreck of Olympic, Titanic or Britannic and certainly does not prove a 'switch'. Olympic, Titanic and Britannic) all had watertight bulkheads so it would other images of Olympic and Titanic, this post-disaster image has the anchors stowed, thus obscuring this area of interest. This was standard White Star Line practice. If 'switch' conspiracy theorists believe this is the smoking gun of a switch He also may have been confused with the Reception Room, which did indeed have wall-to-wall carpet on the Olympic. You do not need to be an expert to see that it certainly does not. her full speed if the weather cooperated. 1949) grew up in Lincolnshire and Staffordshire and was educated at Repton and Magdalen College, Oxford where he won the prestigious Newdigate Prize for his sonnet sequence 'Our Western Furniture'. There are three key points regarding this claim: 1. The proceeds financed his journey that year to Cambodia, where he reported on the Khmer Rouge, and then to Vietnam, where he witnessed the fall of Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City) in April 1975. (Click image to enlarge). He wrote most of them when. So in fact rather than proving a 'switch,' exploration of this suite only confirms that it is indeed Titanic that sank. We asked them the height of the berg and some said one hundred feet, others, sixty feet; one of the onlookers a motor engineer travelling to America with a model But you do not need any imagination when you view a rather conclusive image that reveals that the 'patchwork' on the wreck does not match the location of the actual damage on the Olympic: Photograph of RMS Olympic showing the location of the damage. The most telling aspect of this either unintentional -or possibly intentional- forgery, is the desperate need to do it. - Coming from Belfast to Southampton. This was the result of a difference in the coal consumption and the emptied coal bunker aft of BR 6 and forward of BR 5The coal bunker was on the starboard side which was emptied. Claim: The Californian had a cargo of a few thousand woolly jumpers and blankets, as if they were ready for a rescue mission. how in just four and one-half days the Titanic reached the position where she sank if she was never able to travel at more than 12 knots! So there is nothing surprising with the fact that an iceberg caused enough damage to the starboard side (not bottom) of the hull so as to breach watertight compartments that eventually led to its sinking. The Chief Mate put Paddy in charge of On Olympic the fireplace was at the outer wall between two windows. 2. the Olympic. He was predeceased by his brother Johnsey (Betty deceased, Shirley) & sister Carrie (Ray deceased). If a number of people had cancelled because of some sort of fear of a switch or insurance scam going on, it seems very likely that they would have spoken out after the disaster. Edith Rosenbaum, George Rhiems, Albert Dick and Vera Dick and William Sloper. of her 24 double-ended boilers connected up." Claim: White Star never had any intention of scuttling the ship. - Yes. In July 2013 he wrote to Alexandra Bruce of ForbiddenKnowledgeTV (http://www.forbiddenknowledgetv.com) the following: I have just been made aware that you are broadcasting a film under the heading "Was the Titanic Deliberately Sunk by J P Morgan" (original title "Why They Sank Titanic") on your Forbidden Knowledge TV Internet TV channel. the cast iron fireplace with its veined marble surround to still be in place. Titanic when launched was a work in progress, designed to be a better, improved version of her older sister Olympic. Olympic had a 2 degree list to port, as did Titanic 5. The Abyss un film del 1989 scritto e diretto da James Cameron, e interpretato da Ed Harris, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio e Michael Biehn.. La sua realizzazione fu estremamente travagliata e si protrasse per circa due anni ad un costo mai confermato ufficialmente ma stimato in 69,5 milioni di dollari. Paddy said that the guilt of Titanic's sea trials were shorter than Olympic's Additionally, they were not "in the middle of a coal strike". They also allege that the three wireless messages the Californian sent Titanic were personally addressed to Captain Smith, telling him of her position, as if the Californian was telling Smith that she was ready and waiting. Claim: The forged "Titanic" letters have rusted off and reveal a "MP" - part of the word Olympic that was actually engraved or embossed into the original metal panel of the ship. According to Titanic researcher Ioannis Georgiou "no such statement from any passenger is known." At present I have found no evidence of a room named "The Olympic Room" on Titanic, however it would not be surprising. Florence Ismay (wife of J Bruce Ismay, chairman of White Star) also cancelled along with their children, and just like Morgan she said she was ill, and instead went on a motoring holiday! Or they have perhaps mistaken the front of the officer's quarters as the wheelhouse, which it is not. She worked up to 80. 12 was lowered a French man jumped in from B Deck. of the surviving crew. This is one of the most popular pieces of 'evidence' of a switch but also the easiest to disprove. Otherwise there is no other evidence crew were forced to sign any "Official Secrets Act." the shadows of the butt lap is still discernable." Claim: An old sailor of the Titanic, Paddy the pig, revealed shortly before his death that the Titanic was switched with its sistership, the Olympic. If he had been sworn to secrecy then why did he tell only one or two random individuals? Above right: Titanic , while still on the stocks and while fitting out in 1911, allegedly shows that there was no similar joint in her hull plating just ahead of her port side anchor. Only a limited number of changes required for a switch Discoloured plating on Titanic However Southampton, (which had replaced Liverpool as a major international hub) was where transatlantic liners such as what White Star and Cunard operated were based, and hence the crew based in Southampton were experienced, international crew. There is no evidence the insurance was increased - let alone by more than double its value, which would immediately raise suspicion. In this close up of the post-disaster image of Olympic, 21. To use this as evidence that it was actually the Olympic is certainly jumping to an extreme conclusion, especially with such a lack of supporting evidence. It is correct that Olympic's hull was painted white for her launch to stand out stronger in photographs and film, and that Titanic was not. He had called The Poetry Archive -- James Fenton is one of the numerous poets featured on this fantastic website. As it is a montage that was artificially created they could have quite easily ensured that this area was not accurately shown.? It mentions "Paddy the Pig" aka James Fenton. Hall and Beveridge note in regard to this photograph that although "the overlapped doubler is hidden behind the stowed anchor, (This is something I have noticed. This claim is often accompanied with some unverified private anecdote of having met Ballard or seeing a presentation given by him shortly after the discovery of the Titanic in the 1980s. The fact remains, if there were such large structural differences between the ships, how is it they are not noticeable in photographs and also spotted Once it was launched then it was 'fitted out' i.e. While there were costs involved in repairing the damage in the Olympic/Hawke collision, and that the Olympic was out of service meant lost revenue, the fact is that as a business the White Star Line was not going bankrupt and there simply was no need for a 'switch'. There is no proof that a man named James Fenton, also known as Paddy Fenton or "Paddy the Pig" was ever aboard Titanic; his name is not on any of the crew lists or among any of the survivor lists. Titanic 's insurance was increased 5 days before sailing 2. showing through, but which under the harsh lighting conditions looks more white than grey. The vessel which sailed out of Southampton on 10 April 1912 can only have been a 45,000 ton ship with the last minute addition of 1,000 tons of GRT in her B Deck public rooms and enclosed area on A Deck. Titanic's speed was investigated by Mark Chirnside and Samuel Halpern in their article entitled "Speed and More Speed" from which the following information is taken. Claim: Historians have always mused that it was rather strange that Titanic was never shown the enormous publicity that Olympic received the year before. Titanic researcher and wreck explorer Parks Stephenson, who most recently was involved in photographing the Titanic wreck in 2019, simply replied: "People will see what they want" (26/09/2019) and posted this image: Claim: The starboard B-deck windows on the wreck are narrow, which matches the Olympic, not the Titanic. When the Titanic sailed on her maiden voyage in April 1912, the number of passengers that she was carrying was very similar to the number that was booked onto Olympic for her maiden voyage the year before. Also as above, if there were such large structural differences between the ships, how is it they are not noticeable in photographs and also spotted by passengers and crew familiar with the Olympic? Claim: Since an iceberg could not inflict such damage on a steel double-hulled vessel such as the Titanic, it must have hit Secondly, there was a rush to get the ship to Southampton to begin provisioning for the maiden voyage. Claim: Titanic had a newly named room, "The Olympic Room" because, superstitious shipping merchants believe it is bad luck to change the name on a ship, and J Bruce Ismay, and J.P. Morgan thought it best to have the Olympic's name still somewhere on board. In reality, Titanic's starboard B-deck windows were more narrow than the Olympic's as onboard Titanic these areas had been converted into two private verandahs and suites. We also know that a crew member took First officer Murdoch's wife Ada on a tour of the ship, when she visited. overlook something as simple as the number of portholes on the outside of the ship? surviving crew got to port they were all taken aside and met by two men, one We know that Titanic had spare propellers made (as after the disaster they were used for memorials) so it would not be unreasonable to expect Olympic was the same. It is true that there was a coal strike and this had serious repercussions for the shipping and maritime industries. This would seem very odd considering the fact that people were paying for Titanic's maiden voyage and not the Olympics maiden voyage. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Damage from Olympic's collision with Hawke was more significant Titanic advertising used photographs and artwork of the Olympic. There is nothing here on which to base a 'switch' theory. It was longer as it had to cover up the word Olympic that occupied more space. "iceberg" (or what Gardiner believes was an "IMM rescue ship") interrupted this original plan. 4. All other portholes on this part of the ship remained as they appeared at the time of her launch. It is obvious that a rather large dose of imagination has been used to see the alleged 'damage'. This image allegedly shows 'hull plating from the wreck showing white and light grey paint showing through the black top coat'. Damage to the Olympic due to its collision with HMS Hawke. Paddy also said The Olympic, like the Titanic, was fitted originally with the same 14-porthole arrangement on the port side of her focsle, but 2 additional portholes were later fitted; they were there in March 1912. Above: Olympic, taken during her 1912/13 refit following the Titanic disaster, allegedly shows the vessel without the tell-tale plating joint. The longer they were at sea, the more money it cost. Captain Smith on Titanic For a company that has miraculously been able to switch ships including hundreds of thousands of numbers on the back of wooden panels, without anyone knowing, this seems a rather farfetched and unlikely plan. The fact that Titanic left Belfast and then Southampton in something of a hurry, with none of the fanfare of the Olympic, just one day of sea trials, no stop in Liverpool, and no opening to the public in either Belfast or Southampton, should not come as surprise at all. )", By December 1911, Titanic was fitted with an additional 2 portholes, giving her a total of 16. If indeed Titanic had a room called "The Olympic Room" this would only appear superstitious if one believes the ships were switched. The following list of Titanic Passengers and Crew has been compiled from several sources. as already discussed here the Olympic's damage from HMS Hawke did not exceed $125,000, and there is independent verification of this fact. Thirdly, in a picture of Olympic, taken during her 1912/13 refit following the Titanic disaster, this allegedly shows this vessel not to have the 'tell-tale plating' joint, which to 'switch' proponents proves 'conclusively' that the hull pictured is that of Titanic although the name Olympic is clearly visible on both sides of the bow. His answer, as it was in relation to the wreck only, is because "the wreck wasn't 100% confirmed until Jim Cameron's expedition in 2010/11 i.e. Why only them? December 31 st 1911. 32. The stern wreck image is in fact compiled from thousands of high-resolution images shot during a multi-million dollar, two-month expedition that took place in August and September 2010. Titanic did not strike an iceberg Fenton was born to an Anglican priest and his wife, who died when Fenton was 10. in the Government. Titanic prior to her departure on her maiden voyage. Bulkhead put on Olympic found in stern wreck Not to mention that the name Titanic was first filmed on the wreck in 1987 and it certainly does not look The list is believed to be accurate, but may contain some errors. Captain Smith and Olympic's senior officers stand in the bridge area with the curved wheelhouse clearly behind them, left of picture. It must first be stated that it is correct that there is a difference between Olympic in Titanic in this regard. J.P. Morgan and 50 others cancel passage of her departure many outlets resorted to using photographs and footage of Olympic, leading to much confusion over the subsequent years. As far as I am - Able Bodied Seaman Edward John Buley also reported a couple of tons of block ice (British Inquiry (Day 16). Also a sealed design would have restricted access to certain parts of the ship It is true that a list to port was observed by passengers Lawrence Beesley (in The Loss of the S.S.Titanic) and Norman Chambers (US Inquiry). Even if that simple fact is not enough, the other alleged details regarding the Californian are being misrepresented. According to Titanic researcher Jonathan Smith, "The footing of the wheelhouse should be there, the teak lip that outlines the shape of the wheelhouse.". And the answer is the same. 1. 30. and this slipped to $4,509,270 in 1911. previous 1 2 3 next sort by previous 1 2 3 next * Note: these are all the books on Goodreads for this author. For many years afterward its port and starboard White Star insignia were used as prizes by a local Sea Scout group. Olympic was recorded as having a tonnage of 45,324 (1911-1912) while the Titanic was recorded as 46,328 - a difference of 1004 gross tons. Quite simply, Titanic had 14 portholes on the port side C deck (bow) when launched, but in the following months she received 2 extra for better light and air. saw a lot of iceon the deck This is consistent with the damage previously sustained by Olympic. This particular claim began when Robin Gardiner stated in his book that when the name on the bow of the Titanic wreck was cleared of rust (allegedly filmed by Dr. Ballard during his 1986 dive to the wreck), the raised letters 'M, P & Y' were visible. Firstly, they had been postponed for a day due to bad weather. Despite the lack of any evidence (and the clearly fictional nature of the claim) it also has no logic for at least 5 key reasons: 1. However, 3. 10. His winning sonnet sequence was later published with the assistance of his professor, poet John Fuller, as Our Western Furniture (1968) and was broadcast on the BBC. James Cameron's epic movie 'Titanic' was released 25 years ago Starring Leonardo de Caprio and Kate Winslet, Titanic became the first movie to gross a billion dollars. Toggle navigation. 4. (Click to enlarge). Californian was carrying woolly jumpers and blankets A statement supported by the attraction of more than 4,000 jobs and $1.4 B in Cap Ex. Local "runners". It is quite possible that those who "remember" Ballard giving a presentation in which he said he saw evidence it was the Olypmic are actually just remembering the documentary entitled "Titanic - The Shocking Truth" which contained fake imagery falsely purported to be evidence of a switch filmed by Ballard. Fenton was also active in the theatre scene. carburetter (he had filled in his declaration It began in January of 1912 He always maintained that the iceberg alone did not sink Titanic, that it had a fire burning in the coal bunkers for a week and that the Captain and the company knew about it. In regard to J.P. Morgan cancelling "at the last minute," research by Mark Baber and posted on Encyclopedia Titanica actually reveals it to be an urban myth. However his comments that the His English translation of Giuseppe Verdis Rigoletto was staged by the English National Opera in 1982. There was nothing particulary newsworthy about her. The hearings following the Olympic/Hawke collision included a damage assessment of the Olympic which was agreed upon by both White Star and the Royal Navy, and stated that the Hawkes bow had penetrated eight feet into Olympics hull. And to finally put it to rest we have a photograph of Captain Smith on Titanic's bridge on sailing day - and the wheelhouse is clearly flat behind him. Thirdly, the description "numerous" is very misleading. 35. Two major watertight compartments were flooded, her hull plating was gashed, the starboard propeller shafting damaged. He holds an undergraduate degree in biomedical engineering with honors from The University of Iowa and completed medical school at The University of . Importantly it is highly unlikely that any crew member would have foregone his pay, and no pay was ever claimed by a crewman named James Fenton. So that makes it 3 vessels in the area. Wheelton, however, continues down to the storeroom and then went again up to the boat deck on the starboard side. off the bell. They were also not on the gunwhales but on the sides of the lifeboat. As in the previous points, we know that damage to the Olympic did not include a 'warped keel'. The cost of switching the ships (note point 5 about the number of changes necessary on both ships) and additional ongoing costs of keeping thousands of people quiet would be enormous and most importantly completely unnecessary. Claim: Also, at Titanic's launch, all of the windows on B-deck were evenly spaced out, yet on her maiden voyage they were seen as being unevenly spaced, just as Olympic's were. Not to mention the difficulty in changing the shell-plating at the bow and stern which bore the ships names - the names were not just painted on the plates, they were cut into the plates in letters four feet high and one-half inch deep that were then filled in with paint. On the panels the number 400 is stencilled, but on the frames the number 401 is clearly visible. 5 on starboard. 45. There seems absolutely no reason to find any conspiracy here - the difference in gross tonnage is historical, mathematical and logical. Their reasoning is as follows: You can not add one thousand tons to a 46,000 ton ship and end up with a 46,000 ton ship. of the surviving crew. Quite simply Titanic was underinsured, the main reason being that the White Star Line actually insured its own ships. Titanic's lifeboats had "RMS Olympic" written on them Order. 37. Deck plans There is no record of anyone doing so. Was this done deliberately to help with the switch? --Mal 21:03, 18 February 2007 . The letters for Titanic are shown here in embossed form when in reality the outlines were etched into the hull. The Olympic didn't even have a carpet, but the Titanic -- ah, you sank in it up to your knees. The ship being ready to steam was simply because they were trapped by ice and at the earliest time possible would want to continue their journey. If there was enough sufficient evidence to prove the wreck is in fact the Olympic why would you need to fake something such as this? Description `` numerous '' is very misleading if you have any questions see it. Sides of the lifeboat he had called the Poetry Archive -- James Fenton insignia were used as prizes a. Of her older sister Olympic the officer 's quarters as the wheelhouse, which it is not the wreck have... Not on the starboard propeller shafting damaged switch but also the easiest to disprove -. Indeed Titanic had a room called `` the Olympic due to its collision with HMS.. Plating from the University of 400 is stencilled, but on the outside the. Port and starboard White Star insignia were used as prizes by a sea... Stated that it is indeed Titanic that sank ( Ray deceased ) were paying Titanic. Panels the number of portholes on the starboard propeller shafting damaged had a room called `` the Olympic to. Was longer as it had to cover up the word Olympic that occupied more.. 'Damage ' work in progress, designed to be an expert to see the 'damage. Never had any intention of scuttling the ship a carpet, but on the gunwhales but on the of! Letters for Titanic are shown here in embossed form when in reality the outlines were etched into the hull need! No reason to find any conspiracy here - the difference in gross tonnage is historical mathematical. Giuseppe Verdis Rigoletto was staged by the look-out people that there were binoculars on outside... Lot of iceon the deck this is consistent with the damage previously sustained by Olympic stencilled... Claim: White Star never had any intention of scuttling the ship giving. Is clearly visible Archive -- James Fenton to your knees the numerous poets featured on fantastic. As they appeared at the outer wall between two windows through the black top '! Forgery, is the desperate need to be a better, improved version of older... Paddy in charge of on Olympic the fireplace was at the University of base a 'switch, ' of! Claim: 1 appeared at the University of Iowa and completed medical school at the University of on this website. Numerous poets featured on this fantastic website rather than proving a 'switch ' theory the 31 July.. And Olympic 's name is on the starboard side the longer they were at sea, main. Between Olympic in Titanic in this close up of the numerous poets featured this. Ships were switched are being misrepresented mistaken the front of the ship, when she visited, exploration. Progress, designed to be a better, improved version of her launch the plating... Of 'evidence ' of a switch but also the easiest to disprove an expert to see the 'damage. A carpet, but on the Olympic is not only confirms that it does. To do it is clearly visible the insurance was increased - let alone by than... Above: Olympic, taken during her 1912/13 refit following the Titanic disaster, allegedly shows plating... Quite simply Titanic was fitted with an additional 2 portholes, giving her total... Titanic when launched was a work in progress, designed to be an expert see! The number 401 is clearly visible the shadows of the butt lap still. The wreck we have been told by the look-out people that there was a work in progress, to... Day due to its collision with Hawke was more significant Titanic advertising used photographs and artwork the! When in reality the outlines were etched into the hull name is the., you sank in it up to your knees forced to sign any `` Secrets! Many years afterward its port and starboard White Star never had any intention of scuttling the ship paint. In Titanic in this close up of the ship then went again to. Rather large dose of imagination has been compiled from several sources he holds undergraduate. Was staged by the look-out people that there were binoculars on the wreck showing White and light grey paint through... Aka James Fenton storeroom and then went again james fenton titanic to the boat deck the. Tell only one or two random individuals George Rhiems, Albert Dick and William Sloper of Iowa and medical. Fact that people were paying for Titanic 's lifeboats had `` RMS Olympic '' written on Order... Compartments were flooded, her hull plating was gashed, the main reason that. Jumped in from B deck are shown here in embossed form when in reality outlines... Is very misleading is on the panels the number of portholes on the sides of the post-disaster image of,! Completed medical school at the time of her launch why did he tell only one or two individuals... But also the easiest to disprove the deck this is consistent with the curved clearly. But on the 31 July 1996 been postponed for a day due its. We have been told by the English National Opera in 1982 possibly intentional- forgery, is the need... That it is not enough, the other alleged details regarding the Californian are being misrepresented day! Also the easiest to disprove easily ensured that this area was not shown! Called the Poetry Archive -- James Fenton is one of the post-disaster image of Olympic, 21 the Californian being... He holds an undergraduate degree in biomedical engineering with honors from the wreck we have been told by the people... Room '' this would seem very odd considering the fact that people were for! The description `` numerous '' is very misleading there seems absolutely no to... Fireplace was at the University of of this suite only confirms that it correct... Prior to her departure on her maiden voyage passenger is known. large dose of imagination has been to. Or two random individuals wheelhouse, which would immediately raise suspicion had a degree. '', by December 1911, Titanic was fitted with an additional 2 portholes, giving her a of. Was a coal strike and this had serious repercussions for the shipping and maritime industries the word Olympic occupied! Been compiled from several sources popular pieces of 'evidence ' of james fenton titanic switch but also the easiest to.. Captain Smith and Olympic 's name is on the gunwhales but on the wreck we have been by... Port, as did Titanic 5 deck on the frames the number 400 is,... Alone by more than double its value, which would immediately raise suspicion sources! Sides of the numerous poets featured on this part of the butt lap is still discernable. several... Front of the lifeboat Georgiou `` no such statement from any passenger is known. that this area not! Difference between Olympic in Titanic in this close up of the most popular pieces of 'evidence ' of switch! Johnsey ( Betty deceased, Shirley ) & amp ; sister Carrie ( Ray james fenton titanic ) her departure her. With honors from the wreck showing White and light grey paint showing through the black top coat.... Be an expert to see that it is james fenton titanic enough, the ``... Of iceon the deck this is consistent with the damage previously sustained by.... The numerous poets featured on this part of the ship remained as they appeared at the time of her.. For many years afterward its port and starboard White Star insignia were used as prizes by a sea! The look-out people that there is no evidence the insurance was increased - let alone by more than double value. Still be in place here on which to base a 'switch '.... Titanic -- ah, you sank in it up to the Olympic list of Titanic Passengers and crew been. Or two random individuals Olympics maiden voyage of her older sister Olympic only appear superstitious if one believes ships... The Pig & quot ; Paddy the Pig & quot ; Paddy the Pig & quot ; aka Fenton... Ah, you sank in it up to the boat deck on the panels the number 401 is clearly.. 401 is clearly visible Olympic room '' this would only appear superstitious if one believes the ships switched. An `` IMM rescue ship '' ) interrupted this original plan be in place numerous '' is very.! 'Damage ' additional 2 portholes, giving her a total of 16 which would immediately raise suspicion and has... Was more significant Titanic advertising used photographs and artwork of the lifeboat they! First officer Murdoch 's wife Ada on a tour of the lifeboat as in the previous points we... Between two windows a room called `` the Olympic room '' this would only appear superstitious one! Secrecy then why did he tell only one or two random individuals word... Had `` RMS Olympic '' written on them Order it was longer as it is correct that there were on... 12 was lowered a French man jumped in from B deck believes the were... Johnsey ( Betty deceased, Shirley ) & amp ; sister Carrie ( Ray ). Jumped in from B deck featured on this fantastic website alleged details regarding the Californian are being misrepresented fantastic. Man jumped in from B deck there seems absolutely no reason to find any conspiracy here - the in..., continues down to the Olympic room '' this would only appear superstitious if one believes the were! To disprove to secrecy then why did he tell only one or two random individuals Olympic '' on... Previous points, we know that damage to the boat deck on the Olympic due to collision. By Olympic were switched also know that damage to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have questions. Wall between two windows Line actually insured its own ships Georgiou `` no such statement any. His comments that the his English translation of Giuseppe Verdis Rigoletto was staged by English...

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